Freebsd partition setup

Install the app. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly. You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. Procedure for manual installation. Thread starter balanga Start date Jan 28, I tried install FreeBSD I can't remember the specifics but was some problem related to using an MBR partitioning scheme which FreeBSD bsdinstall did not like, so I'd like to install it manually, but not sure how many partitions and what type I need to create Does anyone have a guide for installing Try this guide.

Although this one deals with GPT and ZFS the installation procedure itself can easily be applied on other environments, especially if you don't plan on setting up an entire 'partition scheme' but only plan to use one partition. However: be sure to setup swap space as well. It looks like a useful guide, but I'm uncertain about which partitions types to select Good question.

I'd have to experiment to be sure because it has been ages since I messed with MBR schemes. I do recall that it basically created one physical partition "slice" in which several virtual partitions were being used.

Click to expand Once the edit is saved, the user will be asked twice to type the passphrase used to secure the data. The passphrase must be the same both times. The ability of gbde to protect data depends entirely on the quality of the passphrase.

This initialization creates a lock file for the gbde partition. Lock files must end in ". Lock files must be backed up together with the contents of any encrypted partitions.

Without the lock file, the legitimate owner will be unable to access the data on the encrypted partition. This command will prompt to input the passphrase that was selected during the initialization of the encrypted partition.

Once the encrypted device has been attached to the kernel, a file system can be created on the device. This example creates a UFS file system with soft updates enabled. After each boot, any encrypted file systems must be manually re-attached to the kernel, checked for errors, and mounted, before the file systems can be used.

This requires that the passphrase be entered at the console at boot time. After typing the correct passphrase, the encrypted partition will be mounted automatically. Additional gbde boot options are available and listed in rc. To detach the encrypted device used in the example, use the following command:. An alternative cryptographic GEOM class is available using geli.

This control utility adds some features and uses a different scheme for doing cryptographic work. It provides the following features:. Utilizes the crypto 9 framework and automatically uses cryptographic hardware when it is available. Allows the root partition to be encrypted. The passphrase used to access the encrypted root partition will be requested during system boot.

Allows backup and restore of master keys. If a user destroys their keys, it is still possible to get access to the data by restoring keys from the backup. Allows a disk to attach with a random, one-time key which is useful for swap partitions and temporary file systems. More features and usage examples can be found in geli 8. The key file will provide some random data used to encrypt the master key.

The master key will also be protected by a passphrase. The example describes how to attach to the geli provider, create a file system on it, mount it, work with it, and finally, how to detach it. Support for geli is available as a loadable kernel module. The following commands generate a master key that all data will be encrypted with. This key can never be changed. Rather than using it directly, it is encrypted with one or more user keys. It is not mandatory to use both a passphrase and a key file as either method of securing the master key can be used in isolation.

If the key file is given as "-", standard input will be used. For example, this command generates three key files:. An rc. The system will automatically detach the provider from the kernel before the system shuts down. During the startup process, the script will prompt for the passphrase before attaching the provider. Other kernel messages might be shown before and after the password prompt.

If the boot process seems to stall, look carefully for the password prompt among the other messages. Once the correct passphrase is entered, the provider is attached. Like the encryption of disk partitions, encryption of swap space is used to protect sensitive information. Consider an application that deals with passwords. As long as these passwords stay in physical memory, they are not written to disk and will be cleared after a reboot.

However, if FreeBSD starts swapping out memory pages to free space, the passwords may be written to the disk unencrypted. Encrypting swap space can be a solution for this scenario. This section demonstrates how to configure an encrypted swap partition using gbde 8 or geli 8 encryption.

Swap partitions are not encrypted by default and should be cleared of any sensitive data before continuing. To overwrite the current swap partition with random garbage, execute the following command:. To encrypt the swap partition using gbde 8 , add the. To instead encrypt the swap partition using geli 8 , use the. By default, geli 8 uses the AES algorithm with a key length of bits. Normally the default settings will suffice.

The possible flags are:. Data integrity verification algorithm used to ensure that the encrypted data has not been tampered with.

See geli 8 for a list of supported algorithms. Encryption algorithm used to protect the data. The length of the key used for the encryption algorithm. See geli 8 for the key lengths that are supported by each encryption algorithm. The size of the blocks data is broken into before it is encrypted.

Larger sector sizes increase performance at the cost of higher storage overhead. The recommended size is bytes. This example configures an encrypted swap partition using the Blowfish algorithm with a key length of bits and a sectorsize of 4 kilobytes:.

Once the system has rebooted, proper operation of the encrypted swap can be verified using swapinfo. If gbde 8 is being used:. If geli 8 is being used:. High availability is one of the main requirements in serious business applications and highly-available storage is a key component in such environments. Efficient and quick resynchronization as only the blocks that were modified during the downtime of a node are synchronized. Together with CARP, Heartbeat, or other tools, it can be used to build a robust and durable storage system.

How to integrate CARP and devd 8 to build a robust storage system. HAST provides synchronous block-level replication between two physical machines: the primary nodeand the secondary node.

These two machines together are referred to as a cluster. Since HAST works in a primary-secondary configuration, it allows only one of the cluster nodes to be active at any given time. The secondary node is automatically synchronized from the primary node. The physical components of the HAST system are the local disk on primary node, and the disk on the remote, secondary node.

HAST operates synchronously on a block level, making it transparent to file systems and applications. There is no difference between using HAST-provided devices and raw disks or partitions. In such cases, the read operation is sent to the secondary node. HAST tries to provide fast failure recovery. To provide fast synchronization, HAST manages an on-disk bitmap of dirty extents and only synchronizes those during a regular synchronization, with an exception of the initial sync.

There are many ways to handle synchronization. HAST implements several replication modes to handle different synchronization methods:. The data on the remote node will be stored directly after sending the acknowledgement.

This mode is intended to reduce latency, but still provides good reliability. This mode is the default. This is the safest and the slowest replication mode. This is the fastest and the most dangerous replication mode. It should only be used when replicating to a distant node where latency is too high for other modes.

The hastd 8 daemon which provides data synchronization. The userland management utility, hastctl 8. The hast. This file must exist before starting hastd. The following example describes how to configure two nodes in primary-secondary operation using HAST to replicate the data between the two. The nodes will be called hasta , with an IP address of This file should be identical on both nodes. The simplest configuration is:. For more advanced configuration, refer to hast. Once the configuration exists on both nodes, the HAST pool can be created.

Run these commands on both nodes to place the initial metadata onto the local disk and to start hastd 8 :. This procedure needs to store some metadata on the provider and there will not be enough required space available on an existing provider.

On the primary node, hasta , issue this command:. Check the status line in the output. If it says degraded , something is wrong with the configuration file. It should say complete on each node, meaning that the synchronization between the nodes has started. The synchronization completes when hastctl status reports 0 bytes of dirty extents.

The next step is to create a file system on the GEOM provider and mount it. This must be done on the primary node. Creating the file system can take a few minutes, depending on the size of the hard drive.

The goal of this example is to build a robust storage system which is resistant to the failure of any given node. If the primary node fails, the secondary node is there to take over seamlessly, check and mount the file system, and continue to work without missing a single bit of data. In this example, each node will have its own management IP address and a shared IP address of The HAST pool created in the previous section is now ready to be exported to the other hosts on the network.

The only problem which remains unresolved is an automatic failover should the primary node fail. A state change on the CARP interface is an indication that one of the nodes failed or came back online.

These state change events make it possible to run a script which will automatically handle the HAST failover. Restart devd 8 on both nodes to put the new configuration into effect:. For further clarification about this configuration, refer to devd. This is just an example script which serves as a proof of concept. It does not handle all the possible scenarios and can be extended or altered in any way, for example, to start or stop required services.

For this example, a standard UFS file system was used. HAST should generally work without issues. However, as with any other software product, there may be times when it does not work as supposed. The sources of the problems may be different, but the rule of thumb is to ensure that the time is synchronized between the nodes of the cluster. When troubleshooting HAST, the debugging level of hastd 8 should be increased by starting hastd with -d.

This argument may be specified multiple times to further increase the debugging level. Consider also using -F , which starts hastd in the foreground.

Split-brain occurs when the nodes of the cluster are unable to communicate with each other, and both are configured as primary. This is a dangerous condition because it allows both nodes to make incompatible changes to the data.

This problem must be corrected manually by the system administrator. The administrator must either decide which node has more important changes, or perform the merge manually. Then, let HAST perform full synchronization of the node which has the broken data.

To do this, issue these commands on the node which needs to be resynchronized:. Book menu. Table of Contents Synopsis Adding Disks Resizing and Growing Disks USB Storage Devices Creating and Using CD Media Creating and Using Floppy Disks Backup Basics Memory Disks File System Snapshots Disk Quotas Encrypting Disk Partitions Encrypting Swap How to add additional hard disks to a FreeBSD system.

How to use the backup programs available under FreeBSD. How to set up memory disks. What file system snapshots are and how to use them efficiently. How to use quotas to limit disk space usage. How to encrypt disks and swap to secure them against attackers.

How to configure a highly available storage network. The disk partition information can be viewed with gpart show :. Delete the third partition, specified by the -i flag, from the disk ada0.

Grow the UFS file system to use the new capacity of the resized partition:. It 's strongly recommended to make a backup before growing the file system. If internal SCSI disks are also installed in the system, change the second line as follows:. Before the device can be unplugged, it must be unmounted first:. After device removal, the system message buffer will show messages similar to the following:. This will require a reboot of the system as this driver can only be loaded at boot time.

Alternately, run the following command to get the device address of the burner:. In order to mount a data CD, the data must be written using mkisofs. Procedure: Duplicating an Audio CD. Configuration To perform DVD recording, use growisofs 1. Burning Data DVDs Since growisofs 1 is a front-end to mkisofs , it will invoke mkisofs 8 to create the file system layout and perform the write on the DVD.

Creating and Using Floppy Disks This section explains how to format a 3. Procedure: Steps to Format a Floppy. To format the floppy, insert a new 3. Before using a FUSE file system we need to load the fusefs 5 kernel module: kldload fusefs.

Backup Basics Implementing a backup plan is essential in order to have the ability to recover from disk failure, accidental file deletion, random file corruption, or complete machine destruction, including destruction of on-site backups. Hardware or software RAID, which minimizes or avoids downtime when a disk fails. Example 2. Using dump over ssh with RSH Set. Directory Backups Several built-in utilities are available for backing up and restoring specified files and directories as needed.

Example 3. Backing Up the Current Directory with tar. Example 4. Restoring Up the Current Directory with tar. I'm using that. In a summary:. I followed the guide to name the vm switch public. And I can see a network interface vm-public was created for me:. I initially want to use CentOS. I had better luck with Ubuntu server. It offers text mode installation. And I was able to start and install it:.

The security update at the end of Ubuntu installation did fail, so I chose "cancel update and reboot". After reboot, Ubuntu server booted into grub prompt.